What are the key physical and mechanical properties of the Copper tungsten alloy?

Copper tungsten (CuW) alloys are known for their unique combination of properties, making them suitable for a variety of demanding applications. Here are the key physical and mechanical properties of copper tungsten alloy:

Physical Properties
Density:

Varies depending on the composition but typically ranges from 15.0 to 17.0 g/cm3.
Higher tungsten content increases the density of the alloy.
Melting Point:

The melting point of CuW alloys is not a single temperature but rather a range. Tungsten has a melting point of 3,422°C (6,192°F) and copper melts at 1,085°C (1,985°F).
The alloy itself does not melt homogeneously; instead, the copper phase melts first.
Thermal Conductivity:

High thermal conductivity, typically in the range of 180 to 220 W/m·K.
Conductivity decreases with increasing tungsten content.
Electrical Conductivity:

Good electrical conductivity, often expressed as a percentage of the International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS).
Typically ranges from 30% to 60% IACS, depending on the tungsten content.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE):

Relatively low CTE, which helps in minimizing thermal expansion mismatch in applications involving other metals or ceramics.
Typical values range from 6 to 9 x 10?? /°C.
Mechanical Properties
Hardness:

High hardness, which increases with the tungsten content.
Vickers hardness can range from 150 to 300 HV (Vickers Hardness).
Tensile Strength:

High tensile strength, making the alloy suitable for applications requiring mechanical durability.
Typical values range from 400 to 900 MPa.
Elastic Modulus:

High modulus of elasticity (Young's Modulus), indicative of the material's stiffness.
Values are typically in the range of 280 to 350 GPa.
Compressive Strength:

Excellent compressive strength due to the high tungsten content.
Often exceeds 1,000 MPa.
Ductility:

Generally low ductility due to the high tungsten content, which makes the alloy more brittle.
Limited elongation before fracture.
Wear Resistance:

Excellent wear resistance, which makes CuW alloys suitable for applications involving friction, such as electrical contacts and heat sinks.
Thermal and Electrical Properties
Heat Resistance:

High resistance to thermal fatigue and excellent performance in high-temperature environments.
Suitable for use in environments where thermal stability is critical.
Arc Erosion Resistance:

Superior resistance to arc erosion, making it ideal for electrical contacts and switching applications.

Copper tungsten alloys offer a unique combination of high thermal and electrical conductivity, excellent wear and arc erosion resistance, high density, and good mechanical strength. These properties make CuW alloys particularly suitable for demanding applications in the electrical, electronic, and aerospace industries, among others. The specific properties of a given CuW alloy can vary depending on the exact composition, particularly the ratio of copper to tungsten, which can be tailored to meet specific application requirements.